China Delivers Third Advanced Submarine to Pakistan, Bolstering Naval Power
China has delivered the third of eight Hangor-class submarines to Pakistan, a move that significantly enhances Islamabad's naval capabilities in the Indian Ocean. The launch ceremony for the advanced diesel-electric submarine was held in Wuhan. This delivery is part of a broader military-technical cooperation that has seen China become Pakistan's primary defense supplier, providing over 81% of its military hardware, including modern frigates and fighter jets. The development raises strategic concerns for India regarding regional power dynamics and maritime security.
Unpacked:
Hangor-class submarines are equipped with air independent propulsion (AIP) systems, six 21-inch torpedo tubes, and can launch anti-ship missiles, including the Babur-3 cruise missile with a 450 km range. These features allow for extended underwater endurance and formidable offensive capabilities against surface ships and land targets.
China has become Pakistan’s primary defense supplier due to strategic alignment, reliable technology transfers, and Western restrictions on military exports to Pakistan. Their cooperation includes major arms sales such as submarines, frigates, and fighter jets, with China providing over 81% of Pakistan’s military hardware.
India’s Type 214 submarines feature more advanced AIP systems and lithium-ion batteries, offering longer underwater endurance. Hangor-class submarines are heavier and faster, but India’s submarines may have a technological edge in stealth and sustained submerged operations.
The arrival of Hangor-class submarines strengthens Pakistan’s underwater warfare capabilities, potentially challenging India’s maritime dominance and intensifying the naval arms race. India is responding by modernizing its own submarine fleet, aiming to maintain credible deterrence and operational superiority in the Indian Ocean.